Form · 6–12 mm
Clay-Based — indicative fig. M·48
Fire A1 Non-combustibleEmbodied carbon 3.50kgCO₂e/kg Medium–highCompressive 100-250 MPaMPa StructuralDesign life 30yr
Fired clay-based tiles available in multiple thicknesses for floor and wall applications, offering durability, water resistance, and design versatility in residential and commercial construction
01 Physical
Density 1800-2200 kg/m³kg/m³
Specific gravity 1.8-2.2
Porosity 6-20%%
Water absorption 3-15%%
Hardness Mohs 5-7
UV resistance Excellent
Chemical resistance Good to Excellent
pH tolerance pH 3-14
Surface roughness Ra 0.5-20 μmµm
02 Mechanical
Tensile strength 15-30 MPaMPa
Compressive strength 100-250 MPaMPa
Flexural strength 30-50 MPaMPa
Shear strength 20-35 MPaMPa
Poisson's ratio 0.18-0.25
Impact resistance 0.3-0.5 J
Creep resistance Negligible
03 Thermal
Thermal conductivity 0.8-1.3 W/m·KW/m·K
Specific heat 750-900 J/kg·KJ/kg·K
Thermal expansion 5-9 × 10⁻⁶/°C×10⁻⁶/°C
04 Compliance & Fire First question
Combustibility class Non-combustible
Fire resistance level Non-combustible
Ignition temp Not applicable°C
Flame spread index 0
Smoke dev. index 0
Heat release rate 0 kW/m²
05 Sustainability & Health
Embodied carbon 3.5-5.5 kg CO2e/kg
Carbon footprint 15-25 kg CO2e/m²
Embodied energy 20-30 MJ/kgMJ/kg
Water footprint 10-20 L/kgL/kg
Recyclability 95%%
Recycled content 0-30%%
Renewable content 0%%
Circular score 65/100
VOC emissions <0.1 mg/m²/hr
Toxicity rating Non-toxic
LEED contribution MR credits (regional, recycled)
06 Durability · Cost · Logistics
Expected lifespan 30-50+ years
Maintenance interval Annual sealing, 5-10 year regrouting
Warranty period 5-15 years
Material cost (range) $20-150/m²
Material cost (per unit) $2-15 per tile
Lead time 1-4 weeks
Lifecycle cost $100-300/m² over 30 years
Annual maintenance $2-5/m²
Market availability Readily available
07 Assessment
Advantages
- Non-combustible - suitable for all BAL zones
- Excellent moisture resistance when properly installed
- Wide range of colours, patterns and finishes available
- Chemical and stain resistant (especially glazed variants)
- Hygienic surface easy to clean and maintain
- Dimensional stability with low thermal expansion
- Good thermal mass for passive solar design
- Long service life (30-50+ years)
- Recyclable at end of life
- Locally manufactured options available
Constraints
- Hard surface can be uncomfortable underfoot
- Prone to chipping or cracking under impact
- Cold surface without underfloor heating
- Grout joints require regular maintenance
- Sound reflective surface requiring acoustic treatment
- Installation labour intensive
- Limited thermal insulation properties
- Potential for lippage if not properly installed
- Slippery when wet without appropriate surface treatment
- Higher embodied energy than some alternatives
08 Applications
A1 Residential bathroom walls and floors
A2 Kitchen backsplashes and countertops
A3 Commercial retail flooring
A4 Healthcare facility walls
A5 Educational facility corridors
A6 Multi-residential common areas
A7 External wall cladding (frost-resistant grades)
A8 Swimming pool surrounds (with appropriate slip resistance)
A9 Food service areas
A10 Laundry and wet areas
09 Sources & Standards
Sources pending — citations for this material are not yet recorded. Verify all figures against manufacturer data and current standards before specifying.